OUR MIN PINS HAVE PASSED, AND WE NOW RAISE BRUSSELS GRIFFONS.
WE KEEP THIS PAGE PRIVATE JUST FOR OURSELVES AND OUR FOND MEMORIES OF THEM.
*RIP*
LOKI, G.G., HARLEY
Is a Miniature Pinscher the right dog for you?
If you are looking for a dog that...
On the other hand...If you don’t want a dog that...
- Looks just like a tiny Doberman with the same colors, sleek build and intelligent expression
- Has a prancing gate and is in perpetual motion
- Has a very short coat requiring little grooming
- Is very agile, athletic and energetic
- Is fearless and assertive with a animated personality
- Is always observing, thinking, plotting and watching
- Has a big dog personality
On the other hand...If you don’t want a dog that...
- Needs to be provided with activities and exercise
- Can be destructive when bored
- Is extremely suspicious of strangers and is aloof unless well socialized while young
- Is inclined to run and chase other animals
- Always has to be on a leash unless properly trained to heel
- Has a strong prey drive
- Is strong willed and requires training
- Is challenging to house break
- Is known for barking to alert owners to things like the UPS truck, squirrels, leaves falling from trees, visitors, doorbells, etc
- Is full of energy
- Thinks of themselves as a big dog
Here are some things you might have wanted to know about Miniature Pinschers, and likely some you did not
1. WHERE DO THEY COME FROM?
It is believed that the Miniature Pinscher evolved from the ancient German Pinscher family of dogs,
which ultimately produced a number of the breeds recognized by the American Kennel Club (AKC)
today. In 1836 Dr. H. G. Reinchenbach, a German writer, stated the Miniature Pinscher is a cross of
the Dachshund and the Italian Greyhound. This conclusion of Dr. Reinchenbach is now generally
accepted by historians and those who have researched the background of the breed. In any event,
Germany is undisputed as the home of origin, where the Miniature Pinscher was known as the "Reh
Pinscher" due to its resemblance to a small red deer, the Reh, which freely roamed the German
forests many years ago.
2. ARE THEY BRED DOWN DOBERMAN PINSCHERS?
Absolutely not. In fact, the Miniature Pinscher is the older of these two breeds, as it was not until 1890
that Louis Dobermann bred his first Doberman Pinscher. Mr. Dobermann stated he wished to breed
"...a giant terrier that would look much like the five pound Reh Pinscher (our Miniature Pinscher) but
that would be fifteen times heavier and larger."
3. IS THERE A MINIATURE PINSCHER CLUB?
Yes! The Miniature Pinscher Club of America was formed and recognized by AKC in 1929.
Additionally, there are thirteen "local" Miniature Pinscher Clubs which are spread throughout the
United States. The National Parent Club, "MPCA" holds an annual Specialty Show between March 1
and June 30 of each year, with a rotating location. This annual Specialty Show has become a 2 day
event and includes Puppy Sweepstakes, Regular Conformation showing and Obedience Competition.
As of 1998 the Entry in the MPCA National Specialty has grown to well over 300. Each member of
MPCA receives the Official Publication called "The Pinscher Patter", which is mailed quarterly and is
a wealth of information on the Breed.
4. WHAT DO THEY LOOK LIKE?
The Miniature Pinscher is a small, compact dog who is not under 10" and not over 12 1/2" at the
shoulder blades. The 1990 Reformatted Official Breed Standard of the Miniature Pinscher Club of
America allows for the Miniature Pinscher to be the following colors only: Red, Stag - Red, Black and
Rust, and Chocolate and Rust. The dog should appear well balanced, sturdy and short - coupled, with
a smooth, hard, short and lustrous coat. When the dog moves, it is distinguished by its "Hackney -
Like" gait and lively animated attitude.
5. HOW DO THEY ACT?
A well - bred and properly socialized Miniature Pinscher is quite simply a "character". Spending only a
few minutes with one makes it immediately apparent that these dogs really earn their title "King of
Toys". You will find the Min Pin to be fearless, animated, intensely curious and always full of vim and
vigor. Breeders have been quoted as saying "It's like living with a roomful of toddlers who never grow
up" and "This is not a beginner's breed". Because of their high energy levels and inquisitiveness, the
Min Pin bears close watching. They need to investigate everything and will go to great lengths to do
so - which includes being "escape artists". You should find dynamite in a small package or something
is wrong. Rarely does anyone own "just one" as they seem to grow on you and accumulate. Plan to
spend many a night when you turn off the TV because your Min Pins are putting on a much better,and funnier, show.
6. ARE THEY GOOD WITH KIDS?
Yes and No. If the Miniature Pinscher is raised around children who treat them in a gentle way and
are taught responsible dog ownership, they will adore children. However, if children are allowed to
grab at them, hit them or treat them roughly in any way, the Min Pin will run from a child. It is
important to realize that even as a full grown adult, the Miniature Pinscher is a very small dog. The
wrong type of play and handling can easily result in broken bones and worse. Even though the Min
Pin is a bundle of energy and will bounce from sofa to chair to floor to bed . . . dropping one from that
same sofa can easily result in unnecessary injury. Always let the Min Pin approach the child, not the
other way around and you should have a wonderful companion. Patience, love and good old common
sense make a great recipe for raising a Miniature Pinscher with children - or adults.
7. ARE THEY GOOD OBEDIENCE DOGS?
Yes! With a knowledgeable and persistent trainer, the Miniature Pinscher can excel in obedience.
Depending on their mood on any particular day, they can also leave onlookers and even their owner
in stitches with their antics. As typical of the Min Pin personality, the more a crowd laughs, the more
they will dis-perform! However, they definitely have their serious moments in the obedience ring and
many have earned the highest obedience ratings and tiles possible.
8. HOW DO I TAKE CARE OF THEM?
Because the Miniature Pinscher has a short coat, the grooming element is minimal. It is necessary to
give them a good, brisk brushing every few days to ensure a clean, shiny coat. Toenails need to be
trimmed at least every 2 weeks to avoid having them grow too long and cause nail-trimming to
become nail-cutting: a very unpleasant experience for dog and owner. Frequent bathing is
discouraged as it tends to dry out the coat. It is better to take a warm, damp washcloth, using plain
water, and wipe the dog down. Begin with the face, paying particular attention to the area under the
eyes, and work back towards the tail. Done every few days, this will keep your dog clean and healthy.
Make sure your dog is completely dry before a trip outside.
Because of the natural tendency of the Miniature Pinscher to investigate everything, it is absolutely
essential that protective measures are taken in several areas. First, do not leave small objects laying
on table tops where your Min Pin can get to them. This includes paper clips, coins, lipstick, pens, etc.
Be scrupulously careful to never leave any medication out and be sure to retrieve any pill or capsule
you may ever drop on the floor. Otherwise you may quickly find yourself in the emergency room of
your veterinarian, with your Min Pin who found it first. Secondly, you must go over every inch of any
yard or outdoor space your Min Pin will have access to. If you find any hole or opening big enough to
put your hand through - your Min Pin will find a way to fit through also. Fix it immediately. Additionally,
make sure that any doors or windows in your home which are opened onto an area other than your
secured yard have an extra screen, beyond what you normally have. Nothing is sadder than losing a
Min Pin because he or she slipped out under your legs while you were signing for a package. Every
Breeder knows of this inherent danger and will gladly show you how to install special screens on
doors and windows to prevent this from happening. It is strongly advised that you purchase several of
the books which are recommended for additional tips on caring for your Miniature Pinscher.
9. WHAT DO THEY EAT?
While the exact quantity may have to be adjusted according to specific needs, a rule of thumb follows:
- Growing puppies need about one half to one ounce of dry, premium dog food per pound of body
weight every day. This is distributed throughout 3 to 4 meals, depending on the age of the puppy.
- Adult dogs need less: One fourth to one - half ounce of dry dog food per pound of body weight every
day. Adult dogs can usually eat just one meal per day.
In addition to the dry dog food, a small amount of canned dog food can be added. If your are using
quality dry and canned food, a good ratio is 2/3 dry and 1/3 canned. Nutritional supplements should
not be necessary if your dog foods are of the premium variety.
At the time of actual possession, should you purchase a Miniature Pinscher, the Breeder will give you
specific instructions on how to feed your particular dog. You should be sent home with at least one
week's worth of the food your puppy has been eating so the dog suffers no transition in his/her diet.
This gives you plenty of time to buy a normal supply of food along with the type of bowl your new
puppy is accustomed to eating from.
At the same time, the Breeder will send home with you a record showing the immunizations your pup
has received and will explain exactly what others are needed, if any.
Although it would be most unusual for these things not to be automatically supplied, it might happen.
In such an event - ask for them. In regards to the shot record, never accept any puppy that is not
accompanied by a record of all immunizations and the dates they were given.
10. WHAT ABOUT BREEDING THEM?
The Miniature Pinscher Club of America clearly states in the Constitution and By Laws in Article 1,
Section 2, subsection (a) ". . . to encourage and promote quality in the breeding of pure - bred
Miniature Pinschers and to do all possible to bring their natural qualities to perfection." Before you
even consider breeding Miniature Pinschers you must give careful thought to the endless amount of
responsibilities you are taking on. There is a responsibility imposed by AKC on every Breeder to keep
full and accurate records of all litters and the dispensation of all animals owned by you. This is not to
be taken lightly, as AKC now has Authorized Representatives who have the right to come to your
door and ask to see your records, your dogs (each of which must be in possession of something
which identifies that particular dog - such as a tattoo) and the facilities you provide for your dogs.
Following the objective set out by the MPCA Constitution and By&endash;Laws as stated above
means the only valid reason for breeding is to improve the Breed. For this to be accomplished it is
necessary to have a thorough knowledge of the Breed and the Approved Breed Standard, followed by
careful research and study of the ancestry of the the bitch and the stud dog. Personal knowledge of
both animals is preferable, as breeding any animal with poor temperament - regardless of the merit of
all other characteristics - is absolutely discouraged. Never breed with the intention of earning money,
as breeding quality Miniature Pinschers is strictly a labor of love, and an expensive one. Ask any
reputable Min Pin Breeder and they will verify that. If you are devoted to the Miniature Pinscher as a
Breed and desire to spend copious amounts of time and money so as to breed for quality only - then
you might begin talking to other, established Miniature Pinscher Breeders for more detailed
information. Breeding is something to be taken very seriously. Please avail yourself of several of the
books for recommended reading before you even think of breeding.
12. DO I WANT TO OWN ONE?
Although the information provided here is specific to the Miniature Pinscher, it is by no means
conclusive. It is highly recommended that prior to the purchase of a Miniature Pinscher you do
several things: Attend as many dog shows as possible and after the judging is over spend time talking
with the Breeders and Exhibitors. As the purchase of a life long companion or potential show prospect
is a major expense, spend the few dollars to buy some, if not all, of the books listed as recommended
reading. Read and study the material and talk this over seriously with anyone else who will be
involved with your dog.
A Miniature Pinscher who is well cared for and properly socialized is a delight to own and will live well
into its teens. This is a very long term commitment which can be consummately rewarding if the
decision is informed and well thought out. Armed with advance planning and education your decision
will be the right one. Hopefully the information provided here will enable you to decide if the "King of
Toys" is meant to "Rule" in your home - and act as the resident "Court Jester" more often than not.
1. WHERE DO THEY COME FROM?
It is believed that the Miniature Pinscher evolved from the ancient German Pinscher family of dogs,
which ultimately produced a number of the breeds recognized by the American Kennel Club (AKC)
today. In 1836 Dr. H. G. Reinchenbach, a German writer, stated the Miniature Pinscher is a cross of
the Dachshund and the Italian Greyhound. This conclusion of Dr. Reinchenbach is now generally
accepted by historians and those who have researched the background of the breed. In any event,
Germany is undisputed as the home of origin, where the Miniature Pinscher was known as the "Reh
Pinscher" due to its resemblance to a small red deer, the Reh, which freely roamed the German
forests many years ago.
2. ARE THEY BRED DOWN DOBERMAN PINSCHERS?
Absolutely not. In fact, the Miniature Pinscher is the older of these two breeds, as it was not until 1890
that Louis Dobermann bred his first Doberman Pinscher. Mr. Dobermann stated he wished to breed
"...a giant terrier that would look much like the five pound Reh Pinscher (our Miniature Pinscher) but
that would be fifteen times heavier and larger."
3. IS THERE A MINIATURE PINSCHER CLUB?
Yes! The Miniature Pinscher Club of America was formed and recognized by AKC in 1929.
Additionally, there are thirteen "local" Miniature Pinscher Clubs which are spread throughout the
United States. The National Parent Club, "MPCA" holds an annual Specialty Show between March 1
and June 30 of each year, with a rotating location. This annual Specialty Show has become a 2 day
event and includes Puppy Sweepstakes, Regular Conformation showing and Obedience Competition.
As of 1998 the Entry in the MPCA National Specialty has grown to well over 300. Each member of
MPCA receives the Official Publication called "The Pinscher Patter", which is mailed quarterly and is
a wealth of information on the Breed.
4. WHAT DO THEY LOOK LIKE?
The Miniature Pinscher is a small, compact dog who is not under 10" and not over 12 1/2" at the
shoulder blades. The 1990 Reformatted Official Breed Standard of the Miniature Pinscher Club of
America allows for the Miniature Pinscher to be the following colors only: Red, Stag - Red, Black and
Rust, and Chocolate and Rust. The dog should appear well balanced, sturdy and short - coupled, with
a smooth, hard, short and lustrous coat. When the dog moves, it is distinguished by its "Hackney -
Like" gait and lively animated attitude.
5. HOW DO THEY ACT?
A well - bred and properly socialized Miniature Pinscher is quite simply a "character". Spending only a
few minutes with one makes it immediately apparent that these dogs really earn their title "King of
Toys". You will find the Min Pin to be fearless, animated, intensely curious and always full of vim and
vigor. Breeders have been quoted as saying "It's like living with a roomful of toddlers who never grow
up" and "This is not a beginner's breed". Because of their high energy levels and inquisitiveness, the
Min Pin bears close watching. They need to investigate everything and will go to great lengths to do
so - which includes being "escape artists". You should find dynamite in a small package or something
is wrong. Rarely does anyone own "just one" as they seem to grow on you and accumulate. Plan to
spend many a night when you turn off the TV because your Min Pins are putting on a much better,and funnier, show.
6. ARE THEY GOOD WITH KIDS?
Yes and No. If the Miniature Pinscher is raised around children who treat them in a gentle way and
are taught responsible dog ownership, they will adore children. However, if children are allowed to
grab at them, hit them or treat them roughly in any way, the Min Pin will run from a child. It is
important to realize that even as a full grown adult, the Miniature Pinscher is a very small dog. The
wrong type of play and handling can easily result in broken bones and worse. Even though the Min
Pin is a bundle of energy and will bounce from sofa to chair to floor to bed . . . dropping one from that
same sofa can easily result in unnecessary injury. Always let the Min Pin approach the child, not the
other way around and you should have a wonderful companion. Patience, love and good old common
sense make a great recipe for raising a Miniature Pinscher with children - or adults.
7. ARE THEY GOOD OBEDIENCE DOGS?
Yes! With a knowledgeable and persistent trainer, the Miniature Pinscher can excel in obedience.
Depending on their mood on any particular day, they can also leave onlookers and even their owner
in stitches with their antics. As typical of the Min Pin personality, the more a crowd laughs, the more
they will dis-perform! However, they definitely have their serious moments in the obedience ring and
many have earned the highest obedience ratings and tiles possible.
8. HOW DO I TAKE CARE OF THEM?
Because the Miniature Pinscher has a short coat, the grooming element is minimal. It is necessary to
give them a good, brisk brushing every few days to ensure a clean, shiny coat. Toenails need to be
trimmed at least every 2 weeks to avoid having them grow too long and cause nail-trimming to
become nail-cutting: a very unpleasant experience for dog and owner. Frequent bathing is
discouraged as it tends to dry out the coat. It is better to take a warm, damp washcloth, using plain
water, and wipe the dog down. Begin with the face, paying particular attention to the area under the
eyes, and work back towards the tail. Done every few days, this will keep your dog clean and healthy.
Make sure your dog is completely dry before a trip outside.
Because of the natural tendency of the Miniature Pinscher to investigate everything, it is absolutely
essential that protective measures are taken in several areas. First, do not leave small objects laying
on table tops where your Min Pin can get to them. This includes paper clips, coins, lipstick, pens, etc.
Be scrupulously careful to never leave any medication out and be sure to retrieve any pill or capsule
you may ever drop on the floor. Otherwise you may quickly find yourself in the emergency room of
your veterinarian, with your Min Pin who found it first. Secondly, you must go over every inch of any
yard or outdoor space your Min Pin will have access to. If you find any hole or opening big enough to
put your hand through - your Min Pin will find a way to fit through also. Fix it immediately. Additionally,
make sure that any doors or windows in your home which are opened onto an area other than your
secured yard have an extra screen, beyond what you normally have. Nothing is sadder than losing a
Min Pin because he or she slipped out under your legs while you were signing for a package. Every
Breeder knows of this inherent danger and will gladly show you how to install special screens on
doors and windows to prevent this from happening. It is strongly advised that you purchase several of
the books which are recommended for additional tips on caring for your Miniature Pinscher.
9. WHAT DO THEY EAT?
While the exact quantity may have to be adjusted according to specific needs, a rule of thumb follows:
- Growing puppies need about one half to one ounce of dry, premium dog food per pound of body
weight every day. This is distributed throughout 3 to 4 meals, depending on the age of the puppy.
- Adult dogs need less: One fourth to one - half ounce of dry dog food per pound of body weight every
day. Adult dogs can usually eat just one meal per day.
In addition to the dry dog food, a small amount of canned dog food can be added. If your are using
quality dry and canned food, a good ratio is 2/3 dry and 1/3 canned. Nutritional supplements should
not be necessary if your dog foods are of the premium variety.
At the time of actual possession, should you purchase a Miniature Pinscher, the Breeder will give you
specific instructions on how to feed your particular dog. You should be sent home with at least one
week's worth of the food your puppy has been eating so the dog suffers no transition in his/her diet.
This gives you plenty of time to buy a normal supply of food along with the type of bowl your new
puppy is accustomed to eating from.
At the same time, the Breeder will send home with you a record showing the immunizations your pup
has received and will explain exactly what others are needed, if any.
Although it would be most unusual for these things not to be automatically supplied, it might happen.
In such an event - ask for them. In regards to the shot record, never accept any puppy that is not
accompanied by a record of all immunizations and the dates they were given.
10. WHAT ABOUT BREEDING THEM?
The Miniature Pinscher Club of America clearly states in the Constitution and By Laws in Article 1,
Section 2, subsection (a) ". . . to encourage and promote quality in the breeding of pure - bred
Miniature Pinschers and to do all possible to bring their natural qualities to perfection." Before you
even consider breeding Miniature Pinschers you must give careful thought to the endless amount of
responsibilities you are taking on. There is a responsibility imposed by AKC on every Breeder to keep
full and accurate records of all litters and the dispensation of all animals owned by you. This is not to
be taken lightly, as AKC now has Authorized Representatives who have the right to come to your
door and ask to see your records, your dogs (each of which must be in possession of something
which identifies that particular dog - such as a tattoo) and the facilities you provide for your dogs.
Following the objective set out by the MPCA Constitution and By&endash;Laws as stated above
means the only valid reason for breeding is to improve the Breed. For this to be accomplished it is
necessary to have a thorough knowledge of the Breed and the Approved Breed Standard, followed by
careful research and study of the ancestry of the the bitch and the stud dog. Personal knowledge of
both animals is preferable, as breeding any animal with poor temperament - regardless of the merit of
all other characteristics - is absolutely discouraged. Never breed with the intention of earning money,
as breeding quality Miniature Pinschers is strictly a labor of love, and an expensive one. Ask any
reputable Min Pin Breeder and they will verify that. If you are devoted to the Miniature Pinscher as a
Breed and desire to spend copious amounts of time and money so as to breed for quality only - then
you might begin talking to other, established Miniature Pinscher Breeders for more detailed
information. Breeding is something to be taken very seriously. Please avail yourself of several of the
books for recommended reading before you even think of breeding.
12. DO I WANT TO OWN ONE?
Although the information provided here is specific to the Miniature Pinscher, it is by no means
conclusive. It is highly recommended that prior to the purchase of a Miniature Pinscher you do
several things: Attend as many dog shows as possible and after the judging is over spend time talking
with the Breeders and Exhibitors. As the purchase of a life long companion or potential show prospect
is a major expense, spend the few dollars to buy some, if not all, of the books listed as recommended
reading. Read and study the material and talk this over seriously with anyone else who will be
involved with your dog.
A Miniature Pinscher who is well cared for and properly socialized is a delight to own and will live well
into its teens. This is a very long term commitment which can be consummately rewarding if the
decision is informed and well thought out. Armed with advance planning and education your decision
will be the right one. Hopefully the information provided here will enable you to decide if the "King of
Toys" is meant to "Rule" in your home - and act as the resident "Court Jester" more often than not.
It is pronounced...MIN-ee-a-chur PIN-chur
Description
The Miniature Pinscher is a small, compact, square dog. The head is in proportion to the body. The skull appears flat, tapering forward toward the muzzle. The muzzle is strong and in proportion to the head. The teeth should meet in a scissor bite. The topline is level or slightly sloping toward the rear. The slightly oval eyes are dark. The ears are set high and either cropped or left natural. The front legs are straight. Dewclaws are usually removed though it is not necessary, as they are actually used by the animal in a similar way we use our thumbs. The small feet are cat-like in shape. The AKC calls for the tail to be cropped for show animals, however cropping is illegal in most European countries, and was only done in the past because they were a working breed of "ratters". The tail and ears were just extra targets for rats to bite. The only reason the tails are still docked and ears cropped today is purely aesthetic...just like plastic surgery for humans. The short, smooth, hard coat lies close to the body. Coat colors include black with rust markings, chocolate with tan, red and stag red (red with black hairs).
Temperament
The Miniature Pinscher is a hardy little fellow who is proud and courageous. He is loyal to his master, spirited and alert with high energy. Intelligent, lively and brave. Generally good with other pets and children so long as the humans provide proper leadership toward the dog. Its behavior depends entirely upon how you treat the dog. Do not let this sweet little dog fall into the Small Dog Syndrome, human induced behaviors where he believes he is pack leader to humans. That is when problems start to arise. The dog will become demanding, headstrong and will begin to bark more than you wish. If you allow this, the dog may become a tyrant. If you are not this dog’s pack leader, it will become protective and may become very aggressive with other dogs. It can also become rather suspicious towards strangers. The Miniature Pinscher can learn extremely well and wants very much to do so. It is certainly beneficial for its socialization to take the dog to puppy courses where it can meet other dogs and people. You will be amazed at how fast the Miniature Pinscher understands and obeys you. Pay particular attention when housebreaking this little Pinscher, since a little puddle from such a small dog can easily be overlooked; the dog may get the idea that you are happy to accept it fulfilling its natural needs indoors. Beware, this little dog will chew small objects and may choke on them. Do not overfeed this breed. A balanced Min Pin will not have the behavior problems listed above. If it truly has rules, boundaries, limitations, a true pack leader and a daily pack walk, it will be a wonderful family companion.
Height, Weight
Height: Males 10 - 12 inches (25 - 30 cm) Females 10 - 11 inches (25 - 28 cm)
Weight: Males 8 - 10 pounds (4 - 5 kg) Females 8 - 9 pounds (about 4 kg)Health Problems
Generally healthy.Living Conditions
The Miniature Pinscher is good for apartment life. It is very active indoors and will do okay without a yard. The Miniature Pinscher should be protected from the cold.Exercise
Min Pins need a daily walk. Play will take care of a lot of their exercise needs, however, as with all breeds, play will not fulfill their primal instinct to walk. Dogs that do not get to go on daily walks are more likely to display behavior problems. They will also enjoy a good romp in a safe, open area off lead, such as a large, fenced-in yard. Make sure any yard in which they can run loose has a fence high enough to prevent their determined efforts to escape and explore. Life expectancy is about 15 or more years.
Grooming
The Miniature Pinscher's smooth, shorthaired, hard coat is easy to groom. Comb and brush with a firm bristle brush, and shampoo only when necessary. You can remove loose hair by wiping the coat with a warm, damp cloth. This breed is an average shedder.Origin
The Miniature Pinscher is a German breed. The Miniature Pinscher was developed from the Dachshund, Italian Greyhound, and the shorthaired German Pinscher. The breed looks like a mini Doberman, most likely because both the Miniature Pinscher and the Doberman both were developed from the German Pinscher. The breed was used as a barnyard ratter, controlling the rodent population in the stables. The Miniature Pinscher is often called the "King Of The Toys." Some of the Miniature Pinscher's talents are competitive obedience, watchdog and agility.
Group
Terrier, AKC Toy
Recognized by
CKC, FCI, AKC, UKC, KCGB, CKC, ANKC, NKC, NZKC, APRI, ACR, DRA, NAPR